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PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML.
Python is a dynamic, object-oriented programming language that can be used for many kinds of software development. It offers strong support for integration with other languages and tools, comes with extensive standard libraries, and can be learned in
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a few days. Many Python programmers report substantial productivity gains and feel the language encourages the development of better code. [Less]
Perl is a general-purpose programming language originally developed for text manipulation and now used for a wide range of tasks including system administration, web development, network programming, GUI development, and more. Its major features
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include support for multiple programming paradigms (procedural, object-oriented, and functional styles), automatic memory management, built-in support for text processing, and a large collection of third-party modules.
It's worth noting that Perl is currently under /very/ active development - although the commit stats here don't reflect that fact because the version control system Perl uses isn't yet compatible with Ohloh. Hopefully that can be fixed - the Perl community would certainly like Ohloh to show recent activity. [Less]
Ruby is the interpreted scripting language for quick and easy object-oriented programming. It has many features to process text files and to do system management tasks (as in Perl). It is simple, straight-forward, extensible, and portable.
Haskell is an advanced purely functional programming language. The product of more than twenty years of cutting edge research, it allows rapid development of robust, concise, correct software. With strong support for integration with other languages
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, built-in concurrency, debuggers, profilers, rich libraries and an active community, Haskell makes it easier to produce flexible, maintainable high-quality software.
GHC is a state-of-the-art, open source, compiler and interactive environment for Haskell. [Less]
JRuby is an 100% pure-Java implementation of the Ruby programming language.
JRuby is the effort to recreate the Ruby interpreter in Java. JRuby is tightly integrated with Java to allow both to script any Java class and to embed the interpreter into any Java application.
Parrot is the virtual machine (VM) that will run Perl 6. Its register-based design with object oriented internal types is optimized for the needs of dynamic languages such as Perl 6, PHP, Python, Ruby, JavaScript, Lisp, Lua, Tcl, ... . This
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differentiates it from other VMs such as Java's JVM and .NET's CLR which are stack-based and primarily aimed at static languages. [Less]
Tcl (Tool Command Language) is a very powerful but easy to learn dynamic programming language, suitable for a very wide range of uses, including web and desktop applications, networking, administration, testing and many more. Open source and
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business-friendly, Tcl is a mature yet evolving language that is truly cross platform, easily deployed and highly extensible.
Tk is a graphical user interface toolkit that takes developing desktop applications to a higher level than conventional approaches. Tk is the standard GUI not only for Tcl, but for many other dynamic languages, and can produce rich, native applications that run unchanged across Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and more. [Less]
A wrist-friendly language targeting the Common Language Runtime (.NET / Mono) with an extensible compiler pipeline, a syntax reminiscent of Python, and many other features (like type inference, syntactic macros, etc.)
GNU CLISP is an ANSI Common Lisp implementation with an interpreter, compiler, debugger, object system (CLOS, MOP), sockets, fast bignums, arbitrary precision floats, and foreign language interface which runs on most UNIXes and Win32.
Jython is a Java implementation of the Python programming language. It allows users to compile Python source code to Java byte codes, and run the resulting bytecodes on any Java Virtual Machine. It is a very seamless and smooth integration with Java:
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from Python you have complete access to all Java libraries, can build applets, can integrate with Java beans, and can subclass Java classes in Python and vice versa. Like Python, and unlike Java, Jython can also be used interactively: just type some Jython code at the prompt and see the results immediately. [Less]
Io is a small, prototype-based programming language. The ideas in Io are mostly inspired by Smalltalk (all values are objects), Self (prototype-based), NewtonScript (differential inheritance), Act1 (actors and futures for concurrency), LISP (code is a runtime inspectable/modifiable tree) and Lua (small, embeddable).
Pike is a dynamic programming language with a syntax similar to Java and C. It is simple to learn, does not require long compilation passes and has powerful built-in data types allowing simple and really fast data manipulation.
GNU Smalltalk is a free implementation of the Smalltalk-80 language.
Python 3000 (a.k.a. "Py3k", and released as Python 3.0) is a new version of the language that is incompatible with the 2.x line of releases. The language is mostly the same, but many details, especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work, have changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally been removed.
Open Object Rexx interpreter based on the original IBM Object Rexx product.
MacRuby is a version of Ruby 1.9, ported to run directly on top of Mac OS X core technologies such as the Objective-C common runtime and garbage collector, and the CoreFoundation framework.
While still a work in progress, it is the goal of
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MacRuby to enable the creation of full-fledged Mac OS X applications which do not sacrifice performance in order to enjoy the benefits of using Ruby. [Less]
Roadsend PHP is an alternative implementation of the PHP programming language. It includes an interpreter, native compiler, and step debugger. Roadsend Compiler can be used to build online web applications with FastCGI, offline web applications with
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an embedded web server (using the included "MicroServer"), desktop GUI applications with PHP-GTK, libraries, and console applications.
Roadsend PHP compiler is unique among PHP implementations because rather than compiling and interpreting PHP byte code, it compiles PHP source code to native machine code. [Less]
ORCA is an interpreter for a REBOL-like language. The interpreter is a C library so that C/C++ applications can use ORCA as an embedded scripting system. ORCA stands for Open-source Rebol Can be Achieved.
A glue language based on the ideas of process networks and finite-state automata
Smalltalk YX is a Smalltalk-80 implementation. It's highly portable, and runs equally well on 32-bit and 64-bit systems, Mac, Unix, Windows, WinCE, or Solaris. It has an easy-to-use plugin system and is very active.